History of Wayang Kulit

PUPPET is one of the nation's top arts and culture of Indonesia's most prominent among the many works of other cultures. Culture puppets include acting, singing, music, speech arts, literary arts, painting, sculpture, and art is also symbolic. Culture of puppets, which continues to grow over time, also a lighting media, propaganda, education, entertainment, philosophical understanding, and entertainment

According to the research of historians of culture, culture is a culture of wayang native to Indonesia, particularly in Java. The existence of puppets was many centuries before the Hindus go to the island of Java. Although a popular puppet story in today's society is an adaptation of the works of Indian literature, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Both the main story in the puppet undergone many changes and additions to adapt them to the original philosophy of Indonesia.
Adjustment of the concept of this philosophy is also about the philosophical position of the Javanese people against the gods in the puppet. The gods in the puppet is no longer something that is free from wrong, but like any other God's creatures, sometimes acting wrong, and could be a blunder. The presence of puppet characters dalam_ panakawan deliberately created the culture of Indonesia (Javanese cultural exact) to reinforce the concept of philosophy that in this world there is no creature that is really good, and that is really bad. Each creature is always bearing the elements of good and evil.
In his dissertation titled Bijdrage tot de Kennis van het Javaansche Tooneel (1897), the Dutch cultural historian Dr. GA.J. Hazeau indicated his belief that the puppet is the original performance of Java. Understanding puppet in the dissertation Dr. Hazeau it is walulang inukir (a carved leather) and seen his shadow on the screen. Thus, the puppet in question certainly is a shadow play as we know it today

Origin of Wayang Kulit

There are two opinions about the origin - origin puppet. First, the notion that puppets originated and was first born on the island of Java, precisely in East Java. This opinion is in addition to adopted and raised by researchers and experts in the Indonesian nation, is also the result of research of Western scholars. Among Western scholars belonging to this group, is Hazeau, Brandes, Kats, Rentse, and Kruyt.

 The reason they are quite strong. Among other things, that the art of puppet is still very closely related to sociocultural and religious state of the Indonesian people, especially the Javanese. Panakawan, the most important figures in a puppet, that Semar, Gareng, Petruk, Bagong, there are only puppets in Indonesia, and not in other countries. In addition, names and technical terms puppet shows, it all comes from the Javanese (Kuna), and no other language.
Meanwhile, a second opinion suspected puppets from India, which brought together with the Hindu religion to Indonesia. They include Pischel, Hidding, Krom, Poensen, Goslings, and Rassers. Most of this second group is the British scholar, the European country which had colonized India.
However, since the 1950's, puppet books as if he had agreed that the puppets are coming from Java Island, and in no way be imported from other countries. Culture puppet was born in Indonesia is estimated at least during the reign of King Airlangga, king Kahuripan (976 -1012), when the kingdom in East Java that was prosperous, prosperity. Literary works the subject of puppet stories have been written by the poets of Indonesia, since the X century Among other things, the script-language literature Kakawin Book of Old Javanese Ramayana written during the reign of King Dyah Balitung (989-910), which is a spin-off from the Book of the Ramayana written by Indian poet, Valmiki.



Furthermore, the Javanese poet no longer just translating the Ramayana and the Mahabharata into Old Javanese language, but compose and retelling by entering into this philosophy of Java. For example, the professor's work Kanwa Arjunawiwaha Kakawin, which is composed of berinduk on the Book of Mahabharata. Composed by other, more obvious difference between the original story derigan Indian version, is Baratayuda Kakawin work professor and professor Sedah Panuluh. This great work done in the reign of King Jayabaya, king of Kediri (1130-1160).
Puppet as a performance and spectacle had already started there since the reign of King Airlangga. Some inscriptions are made in those days, among others already mentioned the words "mawayang 'and` aringgit' which means that the puppet show.

Masterpiece of Java Art Performance

performing arts that has been aged for more than five centuries. Bringing the story of Ramayana and Mahabharata, all-night performances during this into the proper space to spend the night, reflecting and understanding the life philosophy of Java.

Wayang Kulit, Masterpiece of Java Art Performance
Night in Yogyakarta will feel alive if you miss it by looking at the shadow puppets. The dynamic rhythm of the gamelan blends with the melodious voice sinden will not let you fall in sleepiness. The story that brought the mastermind will bring you go in to be dissolved if one of the characters in the story that was delivered. You will soon realize how great of Javanese culture in the past.
Wayang kulit is performance art that has been aged for more than half a millennium. Appearance has its own story, related to the influx of Javanese Islam. One member of the Wali Songo created by adopting Wayang Beber that developed in the heyday of Hindu-Buddhist. Adoption was done because the puppet already attached to the Java so that it becomes an excellent medium for spreading propaganda of Islam, while Islam forbids visual art form. As a result, created shadow puppets where one can only see shadows.
Leather puppet show performed by a man who would be called the greatest public entertainer in the world. How not, during the night, the mastermind behind the whole character actor plays a leather puppet which represents the puppets made from buffalo leather with decorated motif carving handicraft decoration (carving the skin). He had to change the voice character, changing intonation, issued jokes and even singing. To turn the atmosphere, the puppeteer who is assisted by musicians playing the gamelan and the sinden who sing songs of Java.
Puppet characters in total amounted to hundreds. People not puppets being played is placed in banana stems that are near the mastermind. When played, the puppets will appear as shadows on the white screen in front of the puppeteer. The shadow is created because each puppet show using oil lamps as lighting that helps the puppets being played.
Each leather puppet show or play presents a different story. Variety of play is divided into 4 categories namely grip play, play carangan, play spin-off and the play yard. The play grip has a story based entirely on library puppet plays while in outline only carangan only sourced in puppet library. The play does not stem from the spin-off puppet story but wearing the appropriate places in the library of the puppet, while the play is entirely written by freelance.
Puppet story originated from some old manuscripts such as the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Pustaka Raja Purwa and Purwakanda. Now, there are also books containing the story and essay composition which for hundreds of years has been appreciated by the public Abhimanyu Kerem, Doraweca, Suryatmaja Burglar and so forth. Among all the old books are used, the Book Purwakanda is the most frequently used by puppeteers from the Sultan Palace. Leather puppet show begins when the puppeteer has issued mountains. An all-night wayang performance Yogyakarta style is divided into 3 rounds which has 7 lined (scene) and 7 scenes of war. First round, called pathet lasem, has 3 lined and 2 scenes of war that accompanied gising-gising pathet lasem. Pathet Sanga who became the second half has 2 lined and 2 scenes of war, while the Pathet Manura the third round has 2 lined and 3 scenes of war. One of the most anticipated part of many people at every wayang performance is because of the joke-joke presents typical Java.
Sasono Hinggil located in the northern town of South Square is the most frequent events held all-night wayang performances, usually held every second and fourth week began at 21.00 pm. Other places are Sri Maganti ward located in the Sultan's Palace. Wayang Kulit in the ward was performed for 2 hours starting at 10:00 am every Saturday with a ticket USD 5000.00.

JAVA LEATHER PUPPET

There are many different kinds of traditional arts in every state. In Indonesia especially in Java, there is a traditional art that has a unique dish. It's called performance art tradition of wayang kulit.

Kuda Lumping: Indonesian Traditional Arts nuance Magis

 
a single game ...
Games, so unique ...
People ride horses, but horses lie ....
His name is lumping horse .....
That kuda lumping, kuda lumping, kuda lumping jump-jump ....
Sebait piece of property dangdut Rhoma Irama song on a game inspired by folk art, lumping horse dance, which is still grown in many communities in the archipelago. Traditional dances that are played on a "no pattern" by the common people has been born and liked the community, especially in Java, since the ancient kingdoms doeloe tempo. Initially, according to history, art lumping horse was born as a symbol that people also have the ability (superiority) in the face of the enemy or against the power elite who have the royal army. In addition, also as a medium for presenting entertainment that cheap but the phenomenal to the people at 

large.
Now, art lumping horse still be a show that is enough to make the hearts of the audience captivated. Although the existence of these cultural relics began to compete strictly by the entry of foreign art and culture to their homeland, the dance still showed high attraction. Until now, we do not know who or where that sparked community groups (created) kuda lumping the first time. In fact, lumping horse art found in many areas and each recognizes the arts as one of their traditional culture. Including, pointed out some time ago, recognized also by the people of Johor in Malaysia as its own in addition to Reog Ponorogo. The phenomenon spread of lumping horse art in various places, with various and pattern, can be an indicator that the art culture that seemed full of magic is back "on the rise" as a cultural art which should be noted as an original Indonesian art.
Whipped, glass and sprinkles of Fire Eating

TRADITIONAL DANCE ARTS IN INDONESIA

Kuda lumping horse also called braid or jathilan is a traditional Javanese dance featuring a group of soldiers was on horseback. This dance is using a horse made of wicker and bamboo in the cut like a horse. Matting this horse decorated with colorful paint and fabric. Lumping horse dance is usually only shows the saber scene, but some performances will also serve lumping horse possessed attractions, immunity, and magical powers, such as the attraction of eating glass and immunity against flogging whip. Jaran braid is part of the dance performances reog. Though this dance came from Java, Indonesia, this dance is also inherited by the Javanese settled in Malaysia and Singapore.
Lumping horse dance is an art that is played with a horse property imitation, made from woven bamboo or braid. None of the historical record can explain the origin of this dance, only verbal history passed down from one generation to the next.
That said, lumping horse dance is a form of appreciation and support of the commoners against the cavalry of Prince Diponegoro in the face of Dutch colonizers. There is also a version that says, that lumping horse dance describes the story of the struggle of Raden Patah, aided by Sunan Kalijaga, against the Dutch colonialists. Another version says that, this dance tells about the war games led by Mataram forces lane I, King of Mataram, to face the Dutch troops.
Regardless of their origin and historical value, lumping horse dance reflects the spirit of heroism and military aspects of a cavalry or cavalry. This is evident from the rhythmic movements, dynamic, and aggressive, through the flick of woven bamboo, mimicking the movement like a horse in the middle of battle.

Often in lumping horse dance performances, also featured attractions that demonstrate the power of magical supernatural smells, such as the attraction to chew glass, slashed his arms with machetes, set fire to himself, walking on broken glass, and others. Perhaps, this attraction reflects a supernatural force, which in ancient Javanese kingdom flourished in the environment, and is a non-military aspects that are used to fight the Dutch troops.
In East Java, is familiar with the art community in some areas, such as Malang, Nganjuk, Tulungagung, and other areas. This dance is usually displayed on certain events, such as the welcome guest of honor, and as thanksgiving, of intent which was granted by the Almighty.
In pementasanya, do not need a special choreography, and the supply of equipment as well as Karawitan gamelan. Gamelan to accompany lumping horse dance is quite simple, consisting only of Kendang, Kenong, Gong, and trumpet, the flute to sound shrill. The poems are brought in to accompany the dance, usually contains an appeal for people always do good deeds and always remember the Great Creator.
Besides containing the elements of entertainment and religion, traditional arts lumping horse is often also an element of ritual. Because before the show begins, usually a charmer rain will perform rituals, to maintain the sunny weather remember to keep the show is usually done in the open field.

In each pagelarannya, lumping horse dance was presented four fragments of dance that is 2 times Buto dance Lawas, Senterewe dance, and dance Begon Princess.
At Buto fragment Lawas, usually danced by men only and consists of 4 to 6 people dancer. Some young dancers riding bamboo matting and dancing to the music. In this section, the dancers Buto Lawas to have possessed or possessed by spirits. The audience was not immune from this phenomenon of possession. Many local people who witnessed the event into a trance and danced with the dancers. In the unconscious, they continued to dance with energetic movement and looks compact with other dancers.
To restore the consciousness of the dancers and the audience who possessed, in any event is always present its progenitor, one who has supernatural abilities that its presence can be recognized through the clothes she was wearing all black. The progenitor of this will give the bidder until the consciousness of the dancers and spectators recover.
In the next fragment, dancers bring men and women join the dance senterewe.
In the last fragment, with movements more relaxed, six women brought dance Begon Princess, which is a dance cover of a whole series of attractions lumping horse dance

Java Island

East Java is a province in the eastern part of Java Island, Indonesia. Its capital is Surabaya. Its area is 47,922 km ², and its population 37,070,731 people (2005). East Java has the largest territory among the 6 provinces in Java, and has the second largest population in Indonesia after West Java. East Java is bordered by Java Sea to the north, the Strait of Bali in the east, the Indian Ocean in the south, and Central Java province in the west. East Java region also includes the island of Madura, the island of Bawean, Kangean Island and numerous small islands in the Java Sea and Indian Ocean (Island Sempu and Nusa Barung).
East Java is known as a center of eastern Indonesia, and has a fairly high economic significance, which contributes 14.85% of national Gross Domestic Product

Gadang, West Sumatra Traditional House

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History of North Sumatra


North Sumatra was born April 15, 1948 with the region includes three residency, ie, Aceh, East Sumatra, and Tapanuli. Its capital was not yet in Medan, but in Kutaraja, now Banda Aceh. Governor of North Sumatra who first occupied by Mr.. S.M. Amen.


Based on archaeological findings, North Sumatra is known inhabited since the time of Mesolitikum. Residents referred to as the Austro Melanesoid, many inhabit estuaries. In 2000 BC, North Sumatra is inhabited by people from Proto Malays and later inhabited by people too Deutro Malays who came from southern regions of China.

At the beginning of AD era, residents of North Sumatra have formed a trading relationship with the people of India and China. Around the year 775 AD, North Sumatra, including in the territory of the kingdom of Srivijaya. Government of the Kingdom with the system in North Sumatra appeared in the 15th century, namely the emergence of the Kingdom of Nagur, Aru, Panai, and Batangiou. At one point, there was a battle between the Kingdom Nagur and Kerajaa Batangiou which was won by Royal Nagur. Since the victory in the war, became the ruler of the kingdom Nagur Simalungun.


In the 16th century, in Tapanuli emerged a kingdom that was founded by descendants Sisingamangaraja, namely the Kingdom of Batak. The kingdom was then covers all Tapanuli, to Angloka, Mandailing, and Dairi. Meanwhile, on the eastern seaboard of North Sumatra, there is a great kingdom called the Kingdom of Aru. Territory covers a vast area, from the border of Aceh up to the mouth of the river Barumun, covering area Langkat, Deli Serdang, shavings, and Labuhan Batu.


Third kingdom above, namely, Nagur, Batak, and Aru continuously involved competition for hegemony in the region of North Sumatra. The power of the Kingdom of Nagur increasingly widespread, covering the countryside Asahan, Serdang Hulu, Tanah Karo came into the country Gayo top, covering the entire northern hinterland of North Sumatra. Meanwhile, the Kingdom of Batak (Sisingamangaraja) memperluah influence throughout Tapanuli, some areas in Karo land, even then seize Simalungun territory previously under the authority of the Kingdom of Nagur. While the Kingdom of Aru, when it received threats from three power bedar in the Strait of Malacca, namely, Aceh, Portuguese, and Johor. To avoid the threat, the center of the Kingdom of Aru was moved to the countryside, which is at Deli Tua, now the region of about ten kilometers from Medan.


Effect of Aceh to North Sumatra entered the 17th century. A commander of Aceh named Gocah Hero Deli dating to the Old and married with a daughter Wan Baluan from Sunggal. Heroes is a lower Gocah kings and kings Deli Serdang. In 1669, several eastern seaboard of North Sumatra seized by Siak. Siak then formulate the rule of the rules of the Minangkabau.


In the 19th century, the Dutch influence began to enter. on February 1, 1859, Siak signed significant agreements with the Netherlands. It is a recognition of the ruler of Siak that area included in the Dutch power. Holland is also permissible to build bases in Bengkalis and areas were deemed appropriate. Holland is also permissible, if necessary, citing the tax in the areas of power Siak.

Holland then appoint a Resident Assistant in Siak. Dutch power when it covers the entire colony Siak, namely the eastern seaboard of Sumatra. Meanwhile, in the western coastal region of North Sumatra, Dutch power started to go since the end of the Padri War in West Sumatra. For inland hobo land area, the grip of Dutch rule marked by a "treaty of copper". Agreements that contain requests for assistance from Mandailing Gedombang king of the Netherlands to face the Padri. With this agreement, the Dutch began to stick its influence in the interior of North Sumatra. In addition, the Dutch also attacked and memduduki Nias Island in 1863.


In 1834, the Dutch established the Residency Tapanuli. Prefecture centers located in four regions Sibolga and control section, namely, Sibolga en Omstreken, Angkola en Sipirok, Batakladen, and Nias. On March 1, 1887, the Dutch established residency in East Sumatra. Residency is based in Medan, East Sumatra, consisting of four regional department, namely, Deli Serdang, Simalungun and Karolanden, Langkat, and shavings.

The expansion of Dutch rule, it causes a lot of people's resistance. However, all the resistance is not well organized and always within a small force so that the Netherlands is able to reduce all resistance. New look fierce resistance when the Dutch to expand its power into the countryside, namely, land Batak. Resistance led by Sisingamangaraja XII. Resistance is widespread, except at Toba, also reached the regional powers such as the Southeast Aceh Sisingamangaraja, Dairi, Pakpak, Karo, Simalungun, and south of Toba. Resistance Sisingamangaraja lasted 30 years, from 1877 until 1907. Having crushed the resistance Sisingamangaraja this, the Dutch already in full control of North Sumatra.


Resistance to the Dutch began to appear again in the early 20th century. This time the movement is more politically and mobilized by an educated figures like Tan Malaka, Dr. Pirngadi and Adenan Nur Lubis. At that time, many emerging political organizations that some of them are branches of organizations based in Jakarta. They are Sarekat Ilam, PNI, Gerindo, Partindo, Al Jami'atul Washliyah, NU, Muhammadiyah, and other movements organiasi's organizations.

In Tapanuli there are also religious organizations, especially ecclesiastical coming into this area since the 19th century. The influence of nationalism began to be felt in the church around the year 1930. Some Batak people who joined in criticizing the association Hatopan Batak Christian church is still led by foreigners.


On March 13, 1942, Japanese troops entered the field. They then occupied the Grand Mosque to be a fortress. In a time of increasing, the Japanese troops to occupy key cities in North Sumatra. Kings in North Sumatra and then ordered to assist the implementation of various policies the Japanese government. Japan ruled in North Sumatra arbitrarily, and suffering to the people. Among the policies that suffering to the people is Romusha. Romusha aims to mobilize the entire people to assist the Japanese in defense development in Southeast Asia. Many of the romusha was sent overseas to Burma, Thailand and elsewhere for the purpose of forced and inhuman.


Two days after Japan surrendered to the allies, namely pada17 August 1945, Indonesia proclaimed its independence. At the beginning of this independence, including North Sumatra province in Sumatra. As described above, on April 15, 1948, North Sumatra formed by region includes three residency, ie, Aceh, East Sumatra, and Tapanuli.

On October 3, 1945, Dr. F. Lumbantobing appointed as resident Tapanuli. Next step is the formation of KNI across the region accompanied by the formation of the Youth of the Republic of Indonesia (GOI). In the three months to commemorate the proclamation of independence, tapatnya October 17, 1945, in Tarutung made public meeting dihariri by all local people. On that occasion, the people say the pledge allegiance to the government of the Republic of Indonesia.

In the era of RIS, North Sumatra identity is lost because the area included in the State of East Sumatra. On August 15, 1950, after the return of the RI of the RIS form to NKRI, North Sumatra province re-formed with the region includes three residency, ie, Aceh, East Sumatra, and Tapanuli with established as the capital of Medan. A. The Governor is the first definitive The judge who later replaced in 1953 by Mr. S.M. Amen. In 1956, stand alone as a province of Aceh, North Sumatra thus only covers the territory of East Sumatra and Tapanuli. The condition of this region remain to this day. In this 1956 BC. Amin was replaced by St. Kumala Pontas governor who served until 1960.
Until the early formation of the New Order regime, North Sumatra is still preoccupied with conflicts both vertical ataupu horizontal. As a result of the conflict, four the next governor can not do development. They are the Lord King Lopez (1960-1963), Eny Karim (1963-1963), Ulung Sitepu (1963-1965), and PR Telaumbanua (1965-1967). New regional development can be done in the New Order era. Governors who served first in the New Order era was Brig Marah Halim Harahap (1967-1978). The next governor is Maj. E.W.P. Tambunan (1978-1983), Major General Kaharuddin Nasution (1983-1988), Major General King inal Siregar (1988-1998), Major General Teungku Rizal Nurdin (1998-2005), Rudolf Pardede (2005-2008), and Syamsul Arifin (2008 - 2013).

Jambi Traditional House

Jambi is a province of Indonesia, located on the east coast in the central part of Sumatra Island. Jambi is also the name of a town in the province, which is the provincial capital city. Jambi is one of three provinces in Indonesia which was the capital named after the province, in addition to Bengkulu and Gorontalo. Jambi is a Malay nation from which he came from Malay Kingdom in Jambi, Batang Hari. Bahasa Melayu Jambi, Palembang Malay and Malay such as Bengkulu, namely berdialek "o

The Houses of the Toraja:

A tongkonan - Toraja area, Sulawesi (Celebes).

The ethnic groups in the mountain regions of southwest and central Sulawesi (Celebes) are known by the name of Toraja, which has come to mean "those who live upstream" or "those who live in the mountains". Their name is in fact derived from Raja, which in Sanskrit means "king". The society is hierarchically structured: the noblemen are called rengnge, the ordinary people to makaka, and the slaves to kaunan; birth determines which rank a person will occupy.
The distinctive features of the traditional houses (tongkonan) of the Toraja are the "buffalo horns", the roof design and the rich decoration on the walls. The buffalo is a symbol of status, courage, strength and fighting spirit.Designed as a representation of the universe, the tongkonan is constructed in three parts: the upper world (the roof), the world of humans (the middle of the building), and the underworld (the space under the floor). The highly distinctive roofs constructed by the Toraja have given rise to various ingenious interpretations. Certainly the roof is something of deep significance for the Toraja, and even today they build "modern" (in other words houses buil

The Houses of the Minangkabau:

The Minangkabau are the Malaysian people who lives in the Padang highlands of Sumatra (west of Sumatra). Typical of the houses of the Minangkabau are the distinctive roofs, which look like buffalo horns. The word "Minangkabau" can actually be interpreted as a compound of the words menang (win) and kerbau (buffalo). This derives from a local legends that people relates that a buffalo fight was arranged by the locals and the people of the influential kingdom of Majapahit (eastern Java). The loacls'buffalo was the winner and since that time they have called themselves the "buffalo winners", Minangkabau, as a proud testament to their strength and courage. The houses are called rumah gadang (large house) and are not inhabited by differents families, but by three or four generations who come from one ancestor and thus a rumah gadang is also a family unit, and each of the Minangkabau identifies completely with his or her own rumah gadang.

The Long Houses of the Dayak:

In Indonesia, the construction of the house symbolizes the division of the macrocosm into three regions: the upper world, the seat of deities and ancestors. The typical way of buildings in Southeast Asia is to build on stilts, an architectural form usually combined with a saddle roof. Another characteristic of Southeast Asian houses is the forked horn on the roof, which is considered to be a symbol of the buffalo, regarded throughout the region as a link between Heaven and this world. The most famous stilt houses of Indonesia are those of the Dayak in Borneo, the Minangkabau and Batak on Sumatra, and the Toraja on Sulawesi.


The Long Houses of the Dayak:
The Dayak, some of the original inhabitants of Borneo, build long houses on stilts, using ironwood for the structure and tree bark for the walls; the floor are simple planks of wood placed side by side. The length of these houses was for the last century of 110 meters (over 360 feet) and today they generally range from 10 to 70 meters (33 to 230 feet).


On Borneo the long house forms a center for both social life and for rituals. Here people meet to talk after work, and its here the central ceremonies and rituals of the group are performed. In each long house is a central stilt or main post which is the first to be placed in position when the house is built. This post is associated with the ancestor who founded the house has a sacred signifiance; it stands in the center of the house and its looked on as the link between the underworld and the upper world. The long houses were often decorated with representations of water snakes and rhinoceros birds. They were connected with the group's central creation myth, for water snake is associated with the underworld and the rhinoceros bird with the upper world of the good spirits.

Aceh Traditional House

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DI Aceh Province.
Aceh Traditional House-shaped stage. Porch which has 3 Seuramue of Finance (front porch), Home Inong (porch middle), and Seurarnoe Likot (back porch). In addition there is a granary house called Krong Pade or conspicuous.